Asia-Pacific

Rewind to the late ’70s. It was at the Jawora base near Host, Afghanistan, that U.S. intelligence set up a training ground to equip young men to fight a guerrilla battle against the erstwhile U.S.S.R. Belonging to the royal Saudi family, Bin Laden was a VIP student of the CIA. Fired by a strong anti-left stand, Bin Laden launched his operations against the Soviet troops in Afghanistan with religious fervor. Indeed, when the then-Soviet Politburo decided to send an army of “infidels” into Afghanistan, Bin Laden knew his call had come. He audaciously shifted his business from Saudi Arabia to Afghanistan with hundreds of loyal workers, along with state-of-the-art construction equipment, and began to erect military lines of communication and bases of resistance there. He also teamed up with Abdullah Azam, who was in charge of a Palestinian organization called the Muslim Brotherhood. It was through the Brotherhood that they set up recruitment offices all over the Islamic world.

Recalls Russian journalist Yerlan Dzhurabayev, “Thousands of volunteers, for the most part from Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Pakistan, and Egypt, flocked to the newly established training camps.” When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, it left Bin Laden’s now 10,000-strong force without any immediate work. Part of his men went home, with authorities in their respective countries labeling them undesirable elements. Bin Laden knew that unless he engaged another big power, his elite and expensive force would lose interest. Thus was born the Al-Qaeda organization, a pool of Afghan veterans that has grown over the years and now has a presence in about 50 countries.

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The once-favored pupil of the CIA is the one man the agency now badly wants. But he has proved supremely elusive. And as the hunt takes on a new dimension following Black Tuesday, the CIA can dip into its own records of this millennium’s Dr. No.

The world’s most wanted man now lists his enemies in order of preference: No. 1, the United States; No. 2, Israel; and No. 3, India. In a career spanning over two decades, Bin Laden has truly emerged the global religious mercenary, operating from West Asia, Africa, and Asia, all with equal ease and precision. The motivation against the United States is its alliance with Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War and its anti-Palestine position. Israel is on his hit list for Zionism, and India, for Kashmir. No one terrorist is known to have such a wide-ranging agenda.

Bin Laden’s battle with the United States took a new turn with the arrest of 17 of his supporters for staging powerful explosions at two U.S. embassies in East Africa in 1998. The incident led to the U.S. administration’s temporarily closing down its missions in six African countries. Last year, he was behind the bombing of the USS Cole off Yemen. A year later, Bin Laden has managed to get the White House and Pentagon evacuated as well. Says Yosouf Bodansky, who wrote a book on Bin Laden: “He is the most popular man in the Muslim world today, as he is the one man who has taken up issues seen by fundamentalists as being pro-Islam.” Adds Larry Johnson, a U.S. anti-terrorism expert: “He has killed and maimed more Americans than anyone else in
history.”

As Allah willed it, one of Islam’s dreaded future “warriors” was born into a large family. His father, Mohammed Awad bin Laden, a Saudi building industry king, was married 10 times and fathered 53 children. His now infamous son was born to a Palestinian wife. Osama has not done too badly himself: three wives and 18 children. According to a profile being drawn up by intelligence agencies, since childhood Bin Laden has tried hard to compromise with his numerous and no less ambitious relatives, subsequently making it to the top and becoming his wealthy clan’s undisputed leader. The family boasts of a US$5-billion fortune, of which Osama himself controls $300 million.

After graduating from Riyadh University’s management school, Bin Laden began to display his business acumen. His young days were not spent as a revolutionary but at Beirut’s fashionable night clubs. But that was not his karma. Apart from the construction industry, he took an active interest in Islamic politics. It would, however, be some time before he switched from being a businessman to a champion of Islamic causes.

In the years after the Gulf War, Bin Laden was a changed man. In June 1998, about 100 delegates from Arab nations, Somalia, Afghanistan, and Chechnya gathered for an emergency session of the Worldwide Islamic League in Kandahar, Afghanistan. According to eyewitnesses, Bin Laden, who presided over the session, brandished the Quran and said with barely restrained rage: “You cannot defeat the heretics with this book alone; you must show them your fist.” Those present applauded the founder of this organization, subsequently raising the holy book in their hands as a sign of approval.

This radical grouping finalized an action plan at that session. It included action against U.S. embassies as well as the kidnapping and murder of diplomats. The Kenya and Tanzania explosions came two months after this conference. In 1998, he told Time: “Hostility toward America is a religious duty, and we hope it will be rewarded by God.”

Bin Laden is now cut off from the Saudi kingdom. He considers its decision to agree to U.S. military deployment on its territory as an unforgivable sin. In Bin Laden’s words, King Fahd had sided with the Jews and Christians, also desecrating holy Muslim places. He told Time: “If the instigation for jihad against the Jews and Americans in order to liberate the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Holy Kaaba is considered a crime, then let history be a witness that I am a criminal. Our job is to instigate, and by the grace of God, we did that.”

At that time, Bin Laden’s accusation resounded from Sudan, where he had settled after Muslim extremists had gained power. There he liberally invested a portion of his wealth into Sudanese construction companies, farms, and a leather-processing factory that used to export its products to Italy. He invested the income from these enterprises into the construction of a training center for religious revolutionaries and Afghan war veterans.

In 1994, Saudi Arabia deprived him of his Saudi citizenship; the Sudanese authorities asked him to leave their country two years later. This request can be explained by the fact that the Sudanese government feared punitive actions by the United States, Saudi Arabia, or Egypt. Consequently, Bin Laden again settled down in Afghanistan where he had spent his younger days in the Afghan war.

Security agencies say Bin Laden’s coalition today spans continents. The so-called main organization lacks any clear-cut and concise structure. It constitutes a veritable order of Islamic knights, a rapid deployment force capable of perpetrating terrorist acts anywhere. It is believed that his secret army is well-equipped and boasts surface-to-air missiles, howitzers, and armored vehicles. If found to be involved in the horrific U.S. bombings, the secret army, apparently, now has the service of aviation experts as well.

The big question is, how will the United States track Bin Laden? In mid-January 1999, U.S. reconnaissance airplanes repeatedly invaded Pakistani airspace, particularly inside a 50-kilometer approach zone around Karachi. Pakistani media reports say the Americans were trying to identify Bin Laden’s Afghan bases. Afghan contacts and Pakistani officials say that Bin Laden’s men regularly move through Peshawar and use it as a hub for phone, fax, and modem communications.

According to Reuel Marc Gerecht, a former CIA operative familiar with West Asia and Peshawar, U.S. intelligence cannot expect much help from Pakistan’s ISI [Inter-Services Intelligence]. Says Gerecht: “No case officer stationed in Pakistan can penetrate either the Afghan communities in Peshawar or the Northwest Frontier’s numerous religious schools, which feed manpower and ideas to Bin Laden and the Taliban, and seriously expect to gather useful information about radical Islamic terrorism.”