India

Facts

Background: The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually brought about independence in 1947. Communal violence led to the subcontinent's bloody partition, which resulted in the creation of two separate states, India and Pakistan. The two countries have fought three wars since independence, the last of which in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 caused Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists allegedly originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, rapid economic development is fueling India's rise on the world stage. In January 2011, India assumed a nonpermanent seat in the UN Security Council for the 2011-12 term.
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
Area land: 2,973,193 sq km
Area water: 314,070 sq km
Coastline: 7,000 km
Country name conventional long form: Republic of India
Country name conventional short form: India
Country name former: Republic of India
Population: 1,189,172,906 (July 2011 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 29.7% (male 187,450,635/female 165,415,758); 15-64 years: 64.9% (male 398,757,331/female 372,719,379); 65 years and over: 5.5% (male 30,831,190/female 33,998,613) (2011 est.);
Population growth rate: 1.344% (2011 est.)
Birth rate: 20.97 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)
Death rate: 7.48 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female; under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female; 15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female; 65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female; total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.);
Infant mortality rate: total: 47.57 deaths/1,000 live births; male: 46.18 deaths/1,000 live births; female: 49.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.);
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.8 years; male: 65.77 years; female: 67.95 years (2011 est.);
Total fertility rate: 2.62 children born/woman (2011 est.);
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2009 est.);
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 2.4 million (2009 est.);
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 170,000 (2009 est.);
Nationality: noun: Indian(s); adjective: Indian;
Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000);
Religions: Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census);
Languages: Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%;

Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write; total population: 61%; male: 73.4%; female: 47.8% (2001 census);
GDP (purchasing power parity): $4.046 trillion (2010 est.); $3.736 trillion (2009 est.); $3.478 trillion (2008 est.);
GDP (official exchange rate): $1.43 trillion (2010 est.);
GDP - real growth rate: 8.3% (2010 est.); 7.4% (2009 est.); 7.4% (2008 est.);
GDP - per capita (PPP): $3,400 (2010 est.); $3,200 (2009 est.); $3,000 (2008 est.);
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 16.1%; industry: 28.6%; services: 55.3% (2010 est.);
Population below poverty line: 25% (2007 est.);
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6%; highest 10%: 31.1% (2005);
Labor force: 478.3 million (2010 est.);
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 52%; industry: 14%; services: 34% (2009 est.);
Unemployment rate: 10.8% (2010 est.); 10.7% (2009 est.);
Budget: revenues: $170.7 billion; expenditures: $257.4 billion (2010 est.);
Industries: textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals;
Industrial production growth rate: 9.7% (2010 est.);
Electricity - production: 723.8 billion kWh (2009 est.);
Electricity - consumption: 568 billion kWh (2007 est.);
Electricity - exports: 810 million kWh (2009 est.);
Electricity - imports: 5.27 billion kWh (2009 est.);

Statistics: CIA World Factbook.

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